The Muni Affair, A Confrontation Between France and Spain in the 19th Century
Abstract
Spain and France had a dispute in equatorial Africa during the second half of the nineteenth century that was called The Muni Affair by the press of the time. On the one hand, Spain had received from Portugal in 1778 two islands and the right to trade on the coast of the Gulf of Guinea, taking possession of the former in 1843. Later it incorporated the islands of Corisco and Elobeyes, and the mainland area of Cabo de San Juan (1843-1858). On the other hand, France, which had been present in neighbouring Gabon since 1843, only recognised Spain’s sovereignty over Corisco, but not over the rest. There were diplomatic clashes and constant intrusions on the ground. The study of this bilateral crisis, and its resolution in 1900, is the subject of this article.
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